Racial and Ethnic Relations

There are 14 Essay Questions listed below; select 5 of these and respond to them in essay format. Each essay are 2 pages long (APA formatting rules apply), 1 source from the attached article per essay, use the articles to answer the questions in your own words.   Explain concepts, properly apply them to examples you may give, compare/contrast concepts from different authors, and clarity of writing. Be sure to indicate the number of the question you are answering for each.  Please use articles attached to the questions you have chosen. Do not use any kind of outside sources, only attached articles.

1. What is the White racial frame? What does it consist of? Describe the seven main elements of it, according to Feagin &Ducey.  How has it operated over time to rationalize, sustain, and script white power and white privilege in the US?  Explain.
2. In what ways was racism integral to the development the US constitution by its framers (Founding Fathers)?  What role did slavery play in this development?  How did this relate to the growth of American capitalism over time?  Discuss how the framers reinforced and legitimated a system of racial oppression that they thought would ensure that whites, especially men of means, would rule for centuries.
3. Mainstream social scientists have often examined the paired ideas of racial prejudiceand discrimination. Explain why making heavy use of concepts such as prejudice, stereotyping, bias, and bigotry are skewed in practice toward an individualistic, cognitive, and/or non-systemic interpretation of racial issues.  How do systemic analyses of racism differ from these other approaches?
4. Explain the link between the impoverishment (economic and otherwise) of African Americans and the enrichment and prosperity of white Americans.  Discuss how undeserved impoverishmentand undeserved enrichment get transmitted and institutionalized over many generations (you will need to define/explain these terms).  What examples can you give from our current time that help illustrate these points?
5. How were African and Native American peoples regarded differently by early US leaders?  In what ways did this manifest through the creation of laws/policies?  How did the infamous 1857Dred Scott Supreme Court decision confirm that leading whites viewed the situations of Native Americans and African Americans differently?  Explain.
6. Whites sometimes used violence to enforce traditional patterns of racial discrimination. Describe the white-generated riots and other white terrorismin 1900, 1919, and the years 1910-1930. Describe the racialized deference rituals — implemented to ensure that whites in all classes benefited from a strong sense of racial superiority — that were forced on black men, women, and children.
7. Explain the dynamics of reconstructionafter the US Civil War, and the Jim Crow laws that followed soon after.  Why did reconstruction end the way it did?  How did the Jim Crow system work?  What role did the systems of white supremacy play in these processes?  What are some of the lasting impacts of this system for American society?
8. Feagin &Ducey note that white racial framing has justified anti-Black oppression and has had a very strong emotional character.  What role has fearplayed in the white-racist framing woven through the system of anti-Black oppression?  In what ways have educational institutions been critical to the transmission of the dominant anti-Black framing?  What examples can you give to help illustrate this point?
9. What does the term colorismrefer to?  What is its relation to racism?  How have processes of colonization helped to shape a form of hierarchy with regard to color within and between racial/ethnic groups?  How does this impact peoples’ experience within society (here and abroad), including access to material and non-material resources?  What examples can you provide to help illustrate these concepts?
10. What is scientific racism? How does it relate to teleological racism?   How, from the mid-eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, did leading scientists developed a scientific view of black Americans and other people of color as innately inferior and thus deserving of subordination?  How has scientific racism been used periodically by Congress to pass discriminatory legislation?
11. Feagin &Ducey proclaim that the dominant racist framing in the US encompasses much more than anti-Black views. There is also the pro-white subframe. Discuss the pro-white subframe in terms of common images of white superiority and white virtue that recur in Hollywood films.  How might this subframe impact the ways we see white and non-white people in society?
12. What are minstrel shows, and how did they make use of racist images and expressions to reinforce racial hierarchy?  Describe pre-Civil War minstrel shows in terms of the white racial frame’s strong positive orientation to whites and whiteness (the pro-white subframe) and the strong negative orientation to racial “others” who are exploited and oppressed (anti-others subframes).
13. What is Social Alexithymia, and what role does it play in the persistence of individual and structural racism?  Why is this important, according to Feagin and Ducey?  What roles do sympathy, empathy, and autopathyplay in combating this?  Please explain these stages, including examples to which they can be applied.
14. Racism plays out somewhat differently for key gender groups within the African American population. What is gendered racism, and how does it relate to the concept of intersectionality?  How might gendered racism play out in terms of anti-Black attitudes, as well as the formation of social policy?  Explain.