Nelson Mandela’s election
Lesego finds out that her brother is a drug dealer. The money that her brother earns in this way is the family’s only source of income. Lesego’s three possible actions are :
a) She says nothing for the sake of survival.
b) She discusses it with her teacher.
c) She thinks that her brother is going to jail.
2.3.1 On which level and at which stage of Kohlberg’s moral development theory is Lesego’s reasoning in each of these three possible outcomes. Give reasons for your answers. (9)
2.3.2 What can you, as a teacher, do to promote Lesego’s moral development? (7)
(25)
QUESTION 3 Nelson Mandela’s election as South Africa’s first black president in April 1994 – only 4 years after his emergence from 28 years behind bars for conspiring to overthrow the whitedominated government – was the realization of a dream formed in his youth. It was a dream kindled as Mandela sat quietly listening to his tribal elders reminisce about a previous era of self-government more than a century earlier, before the coming of white people – an era of peace, freedom, and equality. One of his ancestors ruled his Thembu tribe, and his father was chief of Mvezo, a small, isolated village in the native reservation called the Transkei where Mandela was born. Mandela seems to have inherited his “proud rebelliousness” and “stubborn sense of fairness” (Mandela, 1994:6): Not long after his birth, his father, a counsellor to tribal kings, was deposed for refusing to honour a summons to appear before the local British magistrate. For standing on his traditional prerogatives and defying the magistrate’s authority, Mandela’s father paid with his lands and fortune. Mandela’s mother, his father’s third of four wives, moved with her baby and his three sisters to the nearby village of Qunu, where they lived in a compound of mud huts. At 5 Mandela became a herd boy, driving sheep and cattle through the fertile grasslands. His mother had him baptized in the Methodist church, and at 7 he became the first member of his family to go to school. It was his first teacher who gave him his English name, Nelson. When Mandela was 12, his father died, and his mother sent him to live at the tribal headquarters at Mqhekezweni. The acting regent, who owed his position to Mandela’s father, had offered to become the boy’s guardian and raise him as his own son.
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As Mandela grew into adolescence, he observed tribal meetings, where any member could speak and the regent would listen quietly before summing up the consensus. This style of leadership deeply impressed Mandela and influenced his own demeanour as a leader in later years. He also watched his guardian preside over council meetings to which minor chiefs brought disputes to be tried. His fascination with the presentation of cases and the crossexamination of witnesses planted the seeds of his ambition to be a lawyer – an ambition he fulfilled as a young adult. From the visiting chiefs and headmen, Mandela heard tales about early African warriors who had fought against Western domination. These stories stirred his interest in his people’s history and laid the groundwork for his political activism. At age 16, Mandela underwent circumcision, the traditional ritual by which a boy became recognised as a man and a participant in tribal councils. At the concluding ceremony, the main speaker, Chief Meligqili, struck a discordant note that, although Mandela did not appreciate at the time, marked his political awakening. (Taken from Papalia et al 2010:443-444)
3.1 Based on this account of Nelson Mandela’ life story, what factors influenced his moral development up to his adolescence? Explain each factor. (10)
3.2 Would you say Mandela was extrinsically motivated or intrinsically motivated? Give reasons for your answer. (6)
3.3 According to Maslow’s higher-order needs, achievement motivation has three components. Name and define these three components. Provide an example from Mandela’s story to explain each component. (9)
Basic explanations needed
